摘要：朱熹（1130～1200）《四书章句集注》凝聚了其一生学问的精神，体现了其对儒学思想在新时代的建构。朱子将儒学典籍打造成句句是真理的经典，其建构的经典解释中本末皆赅、逻辑严密、体系完备。本书在吸收古人及今人的研究成果的基础上，拓展出如话语体系、解释框架、概念诠释、文献征引、语文解读等多种分析思路，尝试解析出朱子四书原文解释与思想体系建构之间的一种错综复杂的关系。

从四书在历史上发展演变的情况来看，“四书”这一名称是从朱子将《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》作为一套书——《四书章句集注》刊行而流行起来的。经的权威衰落了，而作为传、记地位的四书则成为更富时代性的经典。朱子一生呕心沥血、字斟句酌打造的《四书章句集注》一书，融训诂与义理于一炉，合理学启蒙与进阶为一体，寓富有时代性的理学思想于古老的四书经文的字里行间，从而使其自身在后来一跃成为一代新经典。

朱子在《四书章句集注》中运用了北宋以来的新话语，构造了新的话语体系。在这种新的话语体系下，四书原文中的思想得以挖掘。朱子所用的话语体系离不开其理学思想，在一定意义上构成了朱子思想的义理结构。

朱子在《四书章句集注》解释的过程中，有意识或无意识地使用了多种解释框架，如“天理—人欲”、“体—用”、“本—末”等。通过这些解释框架，朱子发掘出原文中所具有的义理结构，从而使得看似散乱的甚至矛盾的原文在解释框架下形成一个完整、圆融的体系。

朱子又特别重视概念的诠释，他将《四书章句集注》中的概念内涵明确化，予以时代性的解释。一方面力求概念符合文本原义，一方面却不可避免地打上了深深的理学的烙印。

《四书章句集注》群征博引，取众家之所长，于故训旧注、古代文献、宋儒义理无不摘取。朱子以自己的思想作为诸家义理取舍的标准，从而对前代思想进行总结性的融通。

朱子在《四书章句集注》的具体解释中，既不同于汉儒的重点在训诂，也不同于玄儒脱离原文本义的任意发挥，坚持在训诂的基础上求得其本义，具有一种经学精神，然而在注释当中又不可避免地发挥了许多自立之说，从而又具有了理学精神。

《四书章句集注》在整体的解经模式上具有高度的一贯性，而四书本身毕竟又是相对独立的文本，产生于不同的年代与不同的作者，语言风格与义理侧重等方面也各不相同，由此朱子对待四书文本有种种差异，在对不同文本的解释中又显示出不同的特色。

总之，从对文献资料的把握中理解其真理，而在理解真理之后又对文献资料做出符合现实需要的重新解释则是完全符合解释的基本要求的。在这一过程中，一方面作为继承要对经典进行解释，另一方面作为发展则在解释的基础上根据现实需要进行合理的发挥，从而形成一种思想层面的创新。

关键词：四书  解释  建构  时中

The Interpretation and Philosophical Construction of Zhu Xi's Si-shu-zhang-ju-ji-zhu

Abstract: Zhu Xi (1130～1200)'s Si-shu-zhang-ju-ji-zhu(Collected Commentaries on the Confucian Four Books) which represented his entire knowledge and wisdom, was a new philosophical construction of ancient Confucian thought in a new era. His attempt to forge the ancient texts into new classics in which every word carries the ultimate truth plainly reached the climax of the interpretation for the simple reasons: the consideration of every element of interpretation, the strictness of logical reasoning, and the completion of different systems. Absorbed various existing research results, this paper extended the analysis to some quite new aspects, such as discourse system, interpretation sketch, concept explanation, literature citation, and language reading, therefore illustrated the exquisite and complicated relationship between the textual interpretation and his philosophical construction.

Reviewing the history ofFour Books, the publication of Zhu's ji-zhuas the milestone of their development stands apparently for his efforts compiled the Four Books, such asAnalects, Mencius, Great Leaning, and Doctrine of Meansas one closely interrelated book. The ancient classics was no more what they were,Four Booksonce was the commentaries of those classics became a new classic. The whole life work of Zhu to create this new classic and really became the classic in following era, thanks to his attempt in combination of commentary work and argumentation, concentration of neo-Confucian enlightenment and development, and sublime integration of neo-Confucian thought and the ancient texts.

Using the new discourse developed after Song dynasty, Zhu's ji-zhuinherited this new discourse. Immersed in this new discourse, the original meaning of text was discovered in a quite new face. The new discourse formed a system by the integration with the neo-Confucian thought, and therefore rebuilt the structure of meaning.

Consciously or unconsciously, Zhu used many interpretation sketches inji-zhu's commentary, such as principle of heaven—desire of human, body—usage, and root—branches, through which the structure of meaning in the text was rediscovered, and a sound and complete system under the sketch was formed from the apparently disordered or even contradicted ancient literature.

Zhu paid much attention to the concept explanation, by which he explicated the deep implication of the key concept of Confucian text, gave them interpretation with new life. What he tried was conformed the new interpretation to its original context and eventually branded the neo-Confucian idea in this interpretation inevitably.

Zhu'sji-zhucited all kinds of materials from ancient era and his time, such as ancient textual reading, commentaries, literatures, new interpretation of Song Dynasty. Though his own selection, judgment, and recombination, all information merged into one purpose: expression of Zhu's new understanding of the ancient texts.

Tracing the detailed interpretation, different reading type from Zhu's commentary could be discovered: neither the mere textual reading type, nor the arbitrary narration without consideration of textual meaning, rather intention to build new knowledge system by the basis of grasping the textual meaning.

Zhu's commentary ofFour Booksas a whole was a complete system, and their four parts were also a complete system by the virtue of distinguished character ofFour Booksas four independent books in the aspects like different text style, meaning inclination. This could explain why Zhu's commentary stands as four commentaries and yet compiled as one book at the same time.

After all, for the instance of Zhu's interpretation and philosophical construction, the relationship between the textual reading and truth revealed. By interpreting the text, its truth was understood, and by the understanding to the truth, new interpretation to same text accorded to the need of reality is the basic requirement of the theory of interpretation. In this process, the text was the indispensable material to interpretation, at the same time it's obliged to make reasonable meaning development in the basis of interpretation, hence the dawn of innovation of new ideas.

Key Words: Four Books   interpretation   philosophical construction   maintaining the Mean with the times

导师：汤一介教授