摘要：本文以宋濂的三教观为研究对象，通过分析、比较宋濂的儒释道思想来探讨他对三教关系的认识以及他的三教观的影响。三教关系自汉魏提出以来经历了三教对峙、三教鼎立、三教融合等不同形态，及至元明时期，三教合流渐成普遍趋势。宋濂作为元末明初的儒者，既有修道的经历，也有着居士的身份，在他身上鲜明地体现了三教合一的特色。宋濂的三教思想就产生于这样的时代背景和思想背景中。

宋濂作为明初大儒，学宗孔孟，以道德为本，推崇程朱等理学大家。受朱熹理气学说影响，他提出一元之气与天地之心来阐述天道运行。同时他吸收邵雍、朱熹的太极学说和陆九渊的心学思想而提出“吾心即太极也”，认为“心为大”，提升了心的主体地位，并在心之修养上主张读书致知和存心养性。此外，宋濂非常重视经学之用，以六经为教辅俗化民、修养身心，发挥经学之用，倡导宗教明道为文。作为“明代开国文臣之首”，宋濂提出文道一元论，赋予文以理之内涵，道学色彩浓厚。宋濂的道家、道教思想主要围绕“玄玄之道”展开，通过修炼精气神体道修行，循道养生，还提出神气性命之说阐述道教性命双修的思想，重视对身体的修养和对心神的修持。同时他对老子的辩证法和庄子的齐物思想也有吸收，提出达人大观的认识论。宋濂对佛教的认识主要体现在对真如妙性和一真妙心的理解上，认为真心即性，将心提升到性之本体地位。万物归于一心，一心体现万法。受佛教圆融思想影响，宋濂比较注重在心体层面寻求事物之间的融通，主张会通教内各宗，会通禅教，会通儒释关系。同时他吸收禅宗心学，注重自悟自修，重视心在觉悟成佛过程中的主导作用。

综合宋濂的三教思想来看，他比较注重三教之间的会通关系。在儒释会通上，他主张二者同归一心，相资并用。在儒道会通上，他吸收借鉴道家道论和修养论来丰富儒家的天道观和修养论。在释道会通上，他援道入佛来解读佛教概念，在修养方法上则表现出佛道相参互用的特点。宋濂认为儒释道虽然各自说法不同，但儒道、释道、儒释之间都有相通互补、吸收借鉴之处，都是围绕身心修养、人伦教化、社会管理而展开讨论。宋濂以儒家经世致用的基本立场来看待三教之用，认为三者同趋善道，都以提升自身修养为目标，都以为生民求福祉为根本目的。宋濂对待三教的调和态度也影响到明代心学的兴起和明代佛教的发展。

关键词：一元之气  吾心即太极  玄玄之道  精气神  真心即性

A research on the theory of Song lian' Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism

Abstract: The subject of this dissertation is Song lian's theory of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism, and the major issues discussed here are his understanding of the three thoughts as well as the effects of his view through the analysis, comparison of Song lian's thought of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism. The relationship between Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism could be traced back to the Han Dynasty and has experienced different patterns of development, such as the conflict and compromise of them. And then the confluence of the three thoughts had become common in Yuan and Ming Dynasty. Song lian as a Confucian scholar in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty had Taoist religious experience and also was lay Buddhist. His thought clearly showed the unity of the three religions.

Song lian was famous as a Confucian scholar in the early Ming Dynasty. He took Confucius and Mencius as examples, regarded the moral as the foundation and praised highly Zhu xi. Under the influence of Zhu xi' theory of LiQi,He put forward the gas and the heart of the heaven to explain the operation of the universe. He also absorbed Shao yong and Zhu xi' doctrine of Tai ji and Lu jiuyuan' philosophy of the mind, advanced the proposition that the mind is Tai ji, and thought the mind was the biggest in the world. He raised the subject position of the mind, emphasized the cultivation of the mind and claimed the reading to learn knowledge. He also paid more attention to the study of Confucian classics which were helpful for the government of the country and the culture of the people. He claimed learning the study of Confucian classics in order to better understand the truth and write distinctive articles. Song lian thought the article should convey the truth and took the truth as the connotation of the article.

He also paid close attention to the Tao and conducted studies about it. Tao is the key notion of his Taoist thought. He argued that we should cultivate ourselves through the mind, the body and the gas to realize the essence of Tao and follow the law of Tao to keep in good health. He put forward the notion of the mind, the gas, the nature and the life to describe the theory of Taoist of cultivation of nature and life and attached much importance to the cultivation of the mind and body. He absorbed the dialectic of Laozi and the uniformity theory of Zhuangzi and presented the epistemology that we should see things in a much larger view to seek the identity of things.

The nature and the mind were the key notions inhis Buddhist ideas. He thought the mind was the nature. The mind was improved into the station of the noumenon. The things were close connection with the mind. That all existences are of themselves perfect and interfused is one theory of Buddhism. Song lian was deeply impacted by the theory and tried to seek perfect penetration among things by the heart. He wanted to reconcile various denominations of Buddhism, united the meditative aspect andthe academic aspect and combined Buddhism with Confucianism. He practiced the meditation and took the heart as the key to become a Buddha.

We have had cogitated Song lian'Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism comprehensively and found that he had paid close attention to syncretism among them. He regarded the heart as a cross of Confucian and Buddhist and thought that both of them could be helpful for each other. He borrowed Tao and theory of cultivation from Taoist to develop Confucian and absorbed the Taoist term into Buddhist notion. He thought the doctrine about cultivation in Buddhist was useful for Taoist.

Although the three religions were different, then they could draw lessons from each other and were helpful for each other. They all stressed the cultivation, humanization and administration. Song lian treated the function of three religions with a Confucian practical standpoint and thought all of them took the cultivation, humanization and administration as the collective goal and were useful for the society and people.

Song lian'theory about syncretism of Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist has affected the development about Buddhist and the doctrine of the heart in Ming dynasty.

Key Words: pneuma   The heart is Taiji   occult Tao   the gas,mind and body   The heart is the nature

导师：李中华教授