摘要：体用是中国哲学中最核心却也最多义的概念之一，也是因此，这对概念往往只是被不加反思的使用，而没有就其本身进行仔细深入的讨论。从体用概念史的追溯可以看到，体用概念并不像初看起来那么顺理成章。几乎在所有的思想体系中，体用二者之间都不是能够简单承接吻合的，二者之间不断产生的矛盾，克服这种矛盾的努力，在很大程度上构成了各种学派都无法回避的问题。

笔者试图在梳理宋明道学的体用问题的基本视野中，以船山为核心集中讨论其体用概念，以期最后能够对体用概念之特质有某种程度的阐发。船山作为宋明理学之殿军的地位造成了，在他之前的诸多源流都汇集他一身，从他身上可以发见出概念本身力量经历漫长流变与展开最终沉淀汇总的一种典型形态。船山也是宋明道学中对体用做出非常独特且丰富论述的思想家，这是本论文选择船山作为核心研究对象的重要原因。

本论文结构如下。论文第一章是以宋明道学为主对体用概念史变迁及其内在动力的梳理，伊川对王弼体用学说的改造主要体现在两方面：一是通过“体用一源显微无间”学说将外在本体向内在本体的扭转，二是通过卦才时义之说让人的主动性进入体用环节。朱子对伊川思想的进一步发展，尤其是心体问题的讨论，充分体现了体用两个概念之间的困难与张力。后经阳明以良知即体即用的思路解决此困难，却仍没有完全克服超越性不变本体思想的残余。论文第二章是以船山易学为核心讨论其本体论。船山之学本于《易》，船山之体的最原初意义是整全宇宙之体，用即是此体的运化流行，其他层面的一切体用思想都只有基于此才能理解。反过来说，此原初体用也必须借助于对其易学诸多命题的分析才能展开，本章主要就“乾坤并建”、“太极有于易以有易”、“纯杂”、“卦序”、“彖爻一致”、“由用得体”、“易无方体”等问题来具体诠释。论文第三章以船山四书学为核心讨论其体用思想在性论方面的展开。体用概念最困难的问题其实并不在于天道自身之体用，而在天人之际。如何消解掉不变本体的同时又不会走上功利主义相对主义，给伦理与政治生活重新奠基，是本章解读船山性论的核心。论文第四章借助于船山对经典诠释与历史的理解来思考其体用学说在在历史政治上的内在诉求。首先从经权问题切入，来审视船山对经典诠释与日用工夫关系的建构。然后在具体到船山春秋学、易学以及史学等方面去探讨体用思想获得历史性维度之后带来的重大变化，以及何以唯此才能重新赢获先秦儒家式元气丰沛参赞化育的实现。

论文的第二三四章虽然互有区分，重点不同，不过反复陈义之所在皆在于体用论之不同展开层面，而最终目的是要呈现出一个广大精微的船山体用结构，并以此透视宋明道学向清学转型的过程中，怎样的问题被遮蔽又在近代重新复兴，以及多大程度上它们可能构成我们今天反思应对现代性的思想资源。

关键词：体用  体用一源  即体即用  体用相生  性日生日成  经权

Study of Wang Chuanshan's Body and Function Theory

Abstract：Body and Function is the pair of concepts which are regarded as the most essential and with multi-definition in Chinese philosophy. Thus, the concepts are always used without reconsideration, careful and further discussion on them. Dating back to the origin of Body and Function and looking through the whole history, it is more complicated than they were used to be thought at early age. There is not simple connection between Body and Function or fits to each other in almost all ideological systems. Instead, the two are in a state of producing continuous contradiction, brought by with great efforts which largely had become the inevitable question for multiple schools.

The author tries to sort out the problem of Body and Function from the perspective of the basic view of Taoism in Song and Ming Dynasties and to discuss the concepts of Body and Function by focusing on Chuanshan, in order to be able to analyze and explain the characteristic of the concept of Body and Function to a certain degree at last. As the last person researching the Neo-Confucianism, Chuanshan was endowed with many schools of thoughts. Besides, we can see a typical form of the concept pooled through long period of evolution and accumulation. Chuanshan's is the ideologist in the Taoism in Song and Ming Dynasties. He made very unique and rich statements on Body and Function, which is the important reason of making Chuanshan as the core of research.

The structure of this paper is as follows. Taking the Taoism in Song and Ming Dynasties as main content, the first chapter tries to sort out the transition of the history of the Body and Function and intrinsic motivation. The transformation Yichuan made on the Wang Bi's concept of Body and Function is mainly embodied in two aspects: one is twisting the body from the external one to the inner one through the "body and function cannot be separated" theory; the other is making people's initiative integrated into the link by the theory of "body of the Gua". Zhu Xi further developed the thought of Yichuan, especially on heart problems, which fully embodies the difficulty and tension between the two concepts. Afterwards, Wang Yangming solved this difficulty by the idea of "Conscience is the body and the function". However, it still was not completely overcome the residual transcendental invariant body thought, which therefore joined the Chuanshan thought. The second chapter discusses the ontology of Chuanshan and takes Yi as its core. The orgin of Wang Chuanshan's thoughts is Yi, and according to Xiong Shili, the source of the concept of Body and Function is also Yi. Mr. Xiong himself also took Yi as the root of his thoughts, so there came the the theory of Body and Function.The original meaning of Chuanshan Body means the bodies of the whole universe. Function is the application of the "body" and all the thoughts in other levels based on this can only be understood. Conversely, the original body can be developed with the help of analysis of many topics about the Yi. This chapter on "Qian and Kun", "Tai Chi in easy to easy", "purity", "Gua sequence", "Tuan Yao consistent", "by the appropriate", "easy side body" wait for a problem to specific interpretation. The third chapter takes Chuanshan's four books as the core and discusses the thought of in the development of the Body and Function. The most difficult problem of the Concept is not is the Body and Function of heaven, but the combination of heaven with man. The essence of this chapter is how to dispel the unchangeable body without going to the relativism and utilitarianism, and set a new foundation for ethics and political life. With the help of Chuanshan's interpretation of classics and historical understanding, in the fourth chapter the author discusses the internal demand of Body theory in the perspective of history and politics. First, from the problem of Classics and Judgment, the author examines the relationship between Chuanshan's construction of interpretation of classics and Tao-Study. Then with the specific theories of the Chuanshan's Spring and Autumn Annals, Yi and History, the author discusses the major change after obtaining the historical dimension with the use of the thought of the Body and Function. Besides, the reason why it is the only reason of realizing the Confucianism in the Pre-Qin Period is analyzed.

The contents in the last three chapters are distinct, and there are different focuses, but the reason for repetition lies in the theory of different aspects of the thought of the Body and Function. And the ultimate goal is to show his vast and subtle body structure to grasp the essence of what kind of problems are thriving in the modern society in the course of transforming the Taoism of the Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty to the learning of Qing Dynasty. The degree to which they may constitute our reflection to modern thoughts is in the discussion too.

Key Words: body and function   body and function cannot be separated   body and function cannot generate each other   the Human nature can generate itself   Classics and Judgment

导师：魏常海教授