摘要：作为中国政治、文化史上划时代的人物，董仲舒的政治哲学注目于如何在大一统政治环境中实现长治久安的圣王之道。本文用阴阳五行贯穿起他的整个政治哲学，希望能在此视野中对此有全面而清晰的认识。阴阳五行学说政治化的每一项实质性推进都出于大一统政治的实际需要，具言之，是在不断趋新的历史条件下用阴阳五行学说来重建或构建天人的合一。在他自己的时代，董仲舒更重要的身份为《春秋》学者，若更进一步说，则是《春秋》公羊学者。董仲舒《春秋》学的核心主旨为“究天人”与“通古今”。“究天人”侧重于天道与人道在理论上的贯通，而“通古今”更侧重于古今政制在实践上的选择。与构建最具时代特色的《春秋》阴阳灾异说一样，作为时代共法的阴阳五行学说仍然在实现《春秋》学的核心主旨中发挥了关键性作用。董仲舒对“十天端”的讨论暗示了天人之间的距离需要依靠阴阳五行来弭平。阴阳五行之理同时也证明了天人可以相副并实现天人感应，而通晓此神妙难知之理的唯有圣人，因此唯圣人有资格究通天人。他进一步用“性未善”的人性论证明了为何独异于众人的圣人必得立教化，代天理民，以阴阳五行之理指导自己的行政。在他看来，圣人就是实现了王道的君主。“王道通三”从字源学上也证明了王道就是究通天、地、人之道，而王道政治下的人伦道德规范皆可由阴阳五行之理加以证明。有了理论层面无可挑剔的天人合一作为基础之后，他必须将自己的论说扩展到现实政治的架构层面，以完整的制度设计来保证天人与古今的通贯。换言之，他得将天人合一置入于历史的实际运展中去。他既要以对历史和现实的批判提出新的政治原则，又要进一步用新的天命解说作为改制的依据，并最终以完美的官制设计保证政治权力的良性运行。在这个完整的理论构造中，阴阳五行仍然充当了核心依据。作为一个以改良政治为旨归的学者，董仲舒清醒地触碰到了时代的核心问题，也提出了独特的解决方式。他能够实现的目标极为有限，更多地取决于政治博弈的实际需要甚至是帝王的个人喜好。虽然他的方式并不见得有效，却是真正想解决问题的学者不得不采用且为后来者乐于效仿的。

关键词：董仲舒  阴阳五行  政治哲学  大一统  天人合一

Abstract：As a key person in Chinese history of politics and culture, Dong Zhongshu concentrated his political philosophy on how to apply the ideal of Sheng-Wang in the unified political environment. This essay will analyze his political philosophy from the theoretical perspective of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, aiming to provide a systematic and clear understanding of his theory. Every attempt to politicalize the Yin-Yang and Five Elements could be regarded as satisfying the needs to unify in politics. To be specific, Dong would like to reconstruct the harmony between men and nature with Yin-Yang and Five Elements under the new history situation. In his time, Dong Zhongshu as a researcher on Chunqiu is more important, moreover, he was considered the GongYang scholar about Chunqiu. The key point of Dong's study on Chunqiu was "revealing relation between men and nature" and "combining ancient with today". "Revealing relation between men and nature" focused on the relations between rules about nature and man in theory, while "combining ancient with today" attached much more importance to practical selection of political systems in all times. Just like the construction of the most characteristic theory—Yin-Yang and Zai-Yi in Chunqiu, Yin-Yang and Five Elements, as the common rules generally accepted at that time, played a key role in expressing the key purpose of Chunqiu. Dong's arguments on the "shi tian duan" indicated that the gap between nature and men should be removed by Yin-Yang and Five Elements. Yin-Yang and Five Elements proved that men and nature could feel and even communicate with each other. It is only the man of noble character that could understand this mysterious law and be qualified to know that. The theory of "men couldn't get the perfection all by themselves" was applied by Dong Zhongshu to instruct the reason why the men of noble characteristic should enlighten and administrate the public, guided by laws of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, as representation of "god". In his view, men of noble characteristic were the king who had achieved "Law of King". "Law of King relating to three objects" etymologically proved that the "Law of King" referred to laws contained in "god", "nature", and "men", while the morality norms under the "Law of King" politics could be proved by the Yin Yang and the five elements theory. Based on the theory of "Harmony between nature and men", Dong had to expand his arguments to the level of constructing the ordinary politics, according to which a perfect system was designed to ensure the connection between nature and men in all times. In other words, Dong placed "Harmony between nature and men" in the development of human history. On the one hand, he proposed new political principal in terms of the critiques about the history and reality. On the other, new theory about the "Fortune" was applied to instructing the reformation, resulting from which, a perfect official system was designed to ensure the proper operation of political power. In this complete construction of the theory, Yin-Yang and Five Elements were still kept as the key principles. As a researcher on political reformation, Dong touched the core problems at his time and proposed his own solutions. However, what he could achieve was limited. It was the political competing and king's will that could decide how he could realize his purpose. Although Dong's solutions might not play the key role, researchers who wanted to solve the same problem should adopt Dong's proposals.

Key Words: Dong Zhongshu   Yin-Yang and Five Elements   Political Philosophy   Unifying   Harmony between Men and Nature

导师：汤一介教授、张广保教授