摘要：道教的身体观是道教研究的重要问题之一。通过道教身体观念的研究，可以更好地理解道教独特的思想。早期道教的身体观念是突出在医学的身体、思想文本中的身体之外的另一种独特身体观，尤其以身神观念的出现为代表。身神观是早期道教身体观的核心部分。顾名思义，身神是一种讨论身体之内神灵的身体观念，它将身体之中的脏器器官与天神相对应。本文以汉魏六朝时期的医学、思想、道教经典为中心，讨论早期道教身体观以及身神观念的形成与发展过程。

论文的主体部分以汉魏道教身体与身神关键的建构为主，分别从三个层面讨论道教的身体及身神观念。首先以先秦两汉时期的思想文本与医学文本中的身体建构为基础，讨论早期道教文本中关于“生理性”身体的构建，并通过成神信仰的需求分析，讨论身体神圣化形成的基础。其次主要讨论的早期道教身神观念的萌芽、形成及实践的过程，主要涉及到汉魏时期不同门派道教经典对于身体的描述。《太平经》与《老子想尔注》代表了身神观念在汉末刚开始出现的情景，直至汉魏之间的《老子中经》已经有大量关于身体神圣性建构的内容，而《黄庭经》经群则为身神理论的正典化提供了文本依据。至此，早期道教身神系统中的“三部八景二十四神”理论建构完整。关于身神的实践主要体现在早期上清派的修炼文本之中，在《黄庭经》的基础上，上清经群对于身神观念的建构在具体道法的实践中进一步完善。身神观念是早期道教身体观中最为与众不同的部分，也是道教独特信仰核心的体现。最后则从身体与疾病的角度，从疾病观与疗疾手段的讨论中认识早期道教思想中“疾病性”的身体。“疾病性”主要以身体为落脚点，讨论道教医疗独特的致病观与治病观。在“疾病性”身体的讨论中也折射了“生理性”身体与“神圣性”身体的特点。

通过“生理性”、“神圣性”、“疾病性”三种身体的表达，本文力求还原一个早期道教身体观的完整形态。生理性的身体代表道教文本对前道教时期文献文本的吸收；神圣性的身体代表中古道教的成神信仰；围绕疾病与身体的讨论引申出道教与医学关于生命与疾病两种观念的异同。通过对身体观的讨论，本文对早期道教的修炼思想、医疗观念、教义教理有了更为深刻的认知和分析。

关键词：身神  道教身体观  上清经  治疗  养生

Abstract：The concept of the body is an important question in Daoist studies. It represents a unique way of Daoist thinking in Chinese culture, which differs from the description of the human body in both medical and intellectual discourses in the early and medieval periods. The concept of body gods lies in the core of early Daoist thinking on the human body. It was an idea that conceptualized and visualized the interior of the human body as resided and protected by multiple gods from heaven. The body gods were also closed corresponded with the viscera system. Using multiple primary sources from the Daoist, medical, intellectual literature generated during the 2nd century BC to 6th century AD, this thesis traces the formation and development of the concept of body gods in early Daoist tradition.

The thesis discusses the Daoist concept of the body and body gods from three aspects, including the physiological body, sacred body, and pathological body. First, it probes into the construction of the "physiological body" in the medical and intellectual literature from the pre-Qin period to the Han Dynasty. By analyzing the social desires of becoming a god and deifying the self, it lays the foundation for later development of body sanctification. Second, the thesis explores the burgeoning, formation, and practice of body gods concept in different Daoist schools from Eastern Han to the Six Dynasties. The Scripture of Great Harmony and Xianger’s annotation to the Laozi were two outstanding texts generated during the burgeoning period of the body gods concept. Laozi zhongjing, which possibly produced around 1st to 2nd century AD, already contained diverse descriptions of the body gods. Huangting jing, another prominent Daoist scripture written around 3rd to 4th century, presented a more structured and completed system of body gods. Since then, the “three sections, eight landscapes, and twenty-four gods” system had been fully constructed in the Daoist thinking and practice. These scriptures further demonstrated the canonization process of the body gods concept during early medieval China. The thesis then moves to examine the cultivation practice in the Shangqing School of Daoism, which was closely related to the concept of body gods. It was also through the cultivation practice that the concept of body god gradually gained prominence within the Daoist perception of the human body and the heavenly world. Finally, the thesis turns to investigate the relationship between the body and the diseases through the perspective of the Daoist "pathological body." It discovers that the unique ideas about diseases and therapeutics also built upon the idea of the "physiological body" and "sacred body", which further had an impact on the medical theory during the medieval period.

Through the investigation of the three aspects of Daoist body, this thesis endeavors to construct a holistic picture of the Daoist perception on human body and body gods. These three aspects are not separated but interconnected. The ideas implied by the “physiological body” were further adapted by the Daoist scriptures, which further played a fundamental role in the advent of the body gods. The sacred body constituted the central part of the Daoist thinking and cultivation practices. The pathological body demonstrated the convergence and divergence of medical and Daoist ideas on human life and diseases. Base on the discussion of Daoist body and the concept of body gods, this thesis also provides a deeper understanding on the Daoist doctrines, body cultivation practice, and Daoist medicine.

Key Words:  Body gods   Daoist concept of the body   Shangqing Scripture  Healing practice   Body cultivation

导师：张广保教授