摘要：中国信徒对基督教义的理解和接受状况及其如何看待天儒关系是研究明末清初中国基督教的焦点问题之一。张星曜（1633-1715以后）是清初禁教之前的最后一代天主教徒，是当时著述最多的中国信徒。他继承徐光启提出的天主教“补儒易佛”论，并提出天主教“合儒、补儒、超儒”论。他的生平和著作对研究该问题提供了重要线索。由于其主要作品《天教明辨》查阅困难，学界对张星曜的思想研究工作开展的比较少。本文着力于此，考察研究张星曜的生平及他对天儒关系的比较。

本论文第一章探讨在当时文人普遍对基督教强烈排斥的环境下张星曜如何通过对生命、生死、罪的问题的探寻思考最终在46岁时皈依基督教信仰。他与当时的来华传教士及中国本土信徒的交往关系和相互影响是怎样的？

第二章介绍了张星曜的两部主要作品《天教明辨》和《天儒同异考》，阐述了他的写作目的、体系、文本来源、文体风格及其特点和意义。张星曜从来华传教士和中国信徒的作品里收集大量文字来完成《天教明辨》，并最终整理成一部系统性的拥有20卷篇幅的天儒比较著作。此后，他又对《天教明辨》进行提炼总结，完成了精简版的天儒比较研究作品《天儒同异考》。这两部作品是中国基督教史上的巨著。

第三、四、五章分别根据张星曜作品《天儒同异考》中“天教合儒”、“天教补儒”、“天教超儒”的部分展开探讨张星曜对天儒二教的比较研究。

第三章考察张星曜“天教合儒说”的写作目的、理论基础、成文意义及其重要性。张星曜认为，对于“万物的本原”的认识是探讨基督教与古代儒学、新儒学（程朱理学）、佛教及道教关系的基础。

第四章探讨张星曜的“天教补儒”思想。张星曜提出儒家已经偏离孔子的教导，表现在“天”观念的变化以及普遍流行的对自然物和众多鬼神的崇拜。本章讨论张星曜关于“一夫一妻制”的观点。他是基督教补益于儒教的重要原因之一。这是张星曜思想的一个特点，本章进行展开。

第五章探讨张星曜的“天教超儒说”。他认为天教超儒的最根本原因在于耶稣和孔子的不同：孔子是人，而耶稣是天主。本章探讨张星曜对于耶稣是天主以及天主受难等教义的理解和阐述。本章还讨论另外一些主题，比如张星曜强调要看中“属天的生活”超过“属地的生活”及教化妇女等等。

结论部分探讨了张星曜的生平、著作及思想对中国基督教史和中国思想及宗教史的意义。

关键词：明清天主教  张星曜  天教明辨  天儒同异考  天儒关系

Abstract: One of the problems in the study of Christianity in late Ming and early Qing China is Chinese Christians' understanding of Christian doctrine and their views on the relationship between Christianity and Confucianism. Zhang Xingyao(1633-after 1715)'s life and works are important in understanding this problem. There has been relatively little study, however, of Zhang's life and thought because of limited access to his major work, Tianjiaomingbian. This thesis examines Zhang Xingyao's life and his comparative study of Christianity and Confucianism.

Chapter 1 explores how Zhang's search for answers to the questions about life, death and sin led to his conversion to Christianity at age 46 in the midst of strong opposition to Christianity among literati. His relationships with missionaries and Chinese Christians are also discussed.

Chapter 2 introduces Zhang's two major works, Tianjiaomingbian and Tianrutongyikao, and discusses his purpose of writing, their framework, content, sources, literary style and significance for Christianity in China. In Tianjiaomingbian, Zhang collected a great amount of writings of both missionaries and Chinese Christians and compiled them into a systematic and comprehensive work of 20 volumes. Zhang summarized it in a concise comparative study of Christianity and Confucianism under the title Tianrutongyikao. These are significant accomplishments in the history of Christianity in China.

 Chapter 3, 4 and 5 discuss Zhang's comparative study of Christianity and Confucianism in accordance with three parts of Tianrutongyikao: "Christianity agrees with Confucianism," "Christianity completes Confucianism" and "Christianity transcends Confucianism."

Chapter 3 examines the purpose, basis, meaning and significance of Zhang's claim that "Christianity agrees with Confucianism", and how Zhang's understanding of God as the Creator of all things is fundamental to his views on the Christianity's relationship to Confucianism, neo-Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism.

 Chapter 4 discusses some of Zhang's thoughts on how "Christianity completes Confucianism", examining Zhang's discussions on the ways in which Confucianism has digressed from Confucius' teaching, how the concept of "Shangdi" or "Heaven" has changed, and how the state of Chinese religion and philosophy as shown in widespread worship of numerous natural objects and gods is related to that change. It also examines Zhang's discussions of monogamy as one of the important reasons why Christianity completes Confucianism.

Chapter 5 examines Zhang's claim that "Christianity transcends Confucianism". According to Zhang, the fundamental difference between Christianity and Confucianism, lies in the fact that Confucius is a man, but Jesus is the Lord of Heaven. This chapter examines Zhang's understanding of Christology. Other topics discussed include Zhang's emphasis on life in heaven over life on earth, and his views on teaching of women.

In conclusion, the significance of Zhang Xingyao's life and works are discussed in relation to history of Christianity in China and history of Chinese thought and religion.

Key Words: Christianity in China   Ming Qing dynasty   Zhang Xingyao   Christianity and Confucianism   Comparative study   Tianjiaomingbian   Tianrutongyikao

导师：李中华教授