摘要：胡安国《春秋传》被认为是《春秋》宋学的代表性著作。胡安国当时虽奉朝廷之命修订所著《春秋传》，但是《胡传》问世之初，只是作为一家之说而存在。到元代，《胡传》被确定为科举考试的官方教材之后，获得了与《春秋》三传并列的地位。《胡传》在明代超越三传，取得独尊地位。本文所论《春秋胡传》的经典化过程，是指《胡传》由一家之言，逐渐跻身《春秋》四传之列，并进而获得独尊地位，成为《春秋》经典诠释的过程。《胡传》的经典化经历了哪些阶段，各阶段具有什么特点，促使它不断经典化的原因是什么，为什么《胡传》在明代盛极一时而清代乾隆五十七年（1792）朝廷却下令科举考试《春秋》一经不再使用《胡传》，这些都是本论文重点探讨的问题。
为了回答这些疑问，论文首先梳理了胡安国的生平、师承和著述，对《胡传》阐发的尊君父讨乱贼、内中国外夷狄的《春秋》大义，及以例求义的解经方式逐一分析。在此基础上，考察《胡传》在宋、元、明三代的经典化过程。在《胡传》经典化的过程中，国家层面的态度与学者的著述相互交织。从国家层面来说，主要是科举考试程式对《胡传》的尊奉，以及官修诸书对《胡传》的尊崇推动着《胡传》不断经典化。这又与特殊的时代背景、时代需求密切相关。而从学者解经的层面来说，《胡传》问世后，各代学者对《胡传》都有发展有批驳，因而衍生出数量庞大的《春秋》学著作。
论文将《胡传》的经典化过程分作四个阶段进行考察：
第一阶段是问世后的上升期。《胡传》在南宋初年问世，由于其解经宗旨迎合了特殊的时代需求，迅速进入当时学者的视野。胡氏经说为南宋重要的《春秋》学著作所吸收，并得到了朱熹的肯定，这对《胡传》当时及日后地位的不断提升至关重要。
第二阶段是“四传”之一地位的奠定期。在元代，程朱理学被列为科举考试的主要标准，程朱理学自身也进入整理总结阶段。具体到《春秋》一经，元代科举考试程式规定，并用三传、《胡传》四家之说。在这样的背景下，元人汪克宽编纂了《春秋胡传附录纂疏》一书。《纂疏》专宗《胡传》，逐一考辨《胡传》出处，并汇集诸家之说申说《胡传》。《纂疏》如注有疏，形成了《春秋》一经新的诠释系统，在学术研究层面提高了《胡传》的地位。
第三阶段是独尊地位的确立期。《胡传》独尊地位的确立得益于明代《春秋集传大全》的纂修。明代初年，科举考试程式规定《春秋》使用《左传》、《公羊传》、《穀梁传》、胡安国《春秋传》及张洽《春秋集注》五家作为考试标准。永乐皇帝命令胡广等人编纂《春秋集传大全》，试图形成代表有明一代《春秋》经说的官方定本。由于时间仓促，胡广等人选择汪氏《纂疏》作为纂修基础，稍加增删编辑迅速成书。而由于《纂疏》专宗《胡传》，这导致了《春秋集传大全》名曰“大全”，实则仍宗《胡传》。《大全》颁行全国后，由于它传递出的专宗《胡传》的信息，以及《胡传》与三《传》之间固有的不可调和的差异，引导读书人研读《春秋》避繁就简，专主《胡传》。《胡传》因而从当时并行的《春秋》五《传》中脱颖而出，获得独尊地位。至此，《胡传》的经典化过程已经完成。
第四阶段是由盛转衰的转折期。《胡传》在清代虽然被列为科举考试的指定用书，但是清政府作为外来政权，对于《胡传》阐发的攘夷思想一直心存顾虑。而且随着皇权的空前集中，清代的政治生态与胡安国所处的两宋时期已经大为不同。胡安国在《春秋传》中构建的理想的君臣关系，在清代显得不合时宜。所以，清代官修的三部《春秋》学著作虽然义理仍以《胡传》为主，但是《胡传》受到了越来越多的质疑。最终，乾隆五十七年清廷决定科举考试不再使用《胡传》，《胡传》随之迅速走向衰落。对《胡传》衰落过程的考察是对《胡传》经典化过程的必要补充，共同反映了时代需求及政治力量的干预在《胡传》的兴废过程中发挥的决定性作用。
论文将胡安国《春秋传》置于自它问世至清代乾隆五十七年被废黜的六百多年之中，在一个相对完整的时间段内，考察其经典化的过程，打破时代的限制，有助于我们更好地理解《胡传》在各个朝代的地位与影响。论文注意对各朝时代背景、政治环境及学术风气的分析，还原《胡传》经典化过程的具体情形，清晰地勾勒出《胡传》经典化的过程。
关键词：胡安国 《春秋传》 经典化
Abstract:Chunqiuzhuan（《春秋传》）by Hu Anguo（胡安国）is considered as the representative commentary toChunqiu（《春秋》）in the Song Dynasty. Although Hu Anguo revised hisChunqiuzhuanby the order of the emperor,Huzhuanexsited as an individual explanation for a long time from its publishment. Until the Yuan Dynasty,Huzhuan（《胡传》）was established as the textbook, it rushed to be one of the four commentaries toChunqiu.Huzhuanbecame the only textbook in the Dynasty of Ming, and turned into a classical commentary toChunqiu.
In the present thesis, the classicalization ofChunqiu Huzhuan（《春秋胡传》）refers to the process that it evolved into a classical commentary toChunqiu. How many phrases can this process be divided into? What factors contributed to this process? Why didHuzhuan, which exclusively dominated over the interpretation ofChunqiuin the Ming Dynasty, be announced out of use in the future imperial examinations in Qianlong-57th year of Qing Emperor? How did this transition occour? These are the issues to be discussed in this thesis.
To explore the answers to these questions, I firstly reviewed the biography of Hu Anguo to seek related information and analyzed the commentary pattern called "yiliqiuyi（以例求义）"used extensively inHuzhuan. A discussion on the purposes ofHuzhuanwas also made, especially on its concept on monarch-servant relationship and its racist ideas. Much attention was paid to clear the relation betweenHuzhuanand other commentaries includingZuozhuan（《左传》）,Gongyangzhuan（《公羊传》）,Guliangzhuan（《穀梁传》）and works of other scholars.
I divided this process into four stages. And I found there were mainly two factors in every stage contributing to the classicalization ofHuzhuan, the rulers of the nation and the scholars. The rulers usually organized professional scholars to compile books to strengthen the validity of their governance. Then they distributed the books throughout the country and commanded all the leaners who desired to seek positions and riches to read these books by establishing them as the criterion of imperial examinations. Moreover, afterHuzhuancame out, many scholars expressed their opinions on it by writing books.
In the Dynasty of Song, Yuan and Ming, there appeared large numbers of books related toHuzhuan. These books can be classified into two types: supporting and opposing toHuzhuan. Among the supporting works,Chunqiu Huzhuan Fulu Zuanshu（《春秋胡传附录纂疏》）by Wang Kekuan（汪克宽）andChunqiu Jizhuan Daquan（《春秋集传大全》）by Hu Guang（胡广）are the most important ones which established the dominating position ofHuzhuan.
In the first stage,Huzhuanwas noted and quoted by other contemporary scholars and became an important book.Huzhuanalso got the recognization of Zhu Xi（朱熹）, which was crucial for its classicalization.
In the second stage,Huzhuan was established as the textbook in the Yuan Empire. As a result,Huzhuan came to be one of the four commentaries to Chunqiu.Wang Kekuan（汪克宽）compiled a book called Chunqiu Huzhuan Fulu Zuanshuto comment Huzhuan and Huzhuan became the object to be commented. It got the status of zhu(注). Meanwhile, a more popular edition of Huzhuanwas edited, which benefited its transmission to general readers.
In the third stage,Huzhuan became the only textbook in the Dynasty of Ming.Huguang（胡广）compiledChunqiu Jizhuan Daquan on the basis of Chunqiu Huzhuan Fulu Zuanshu. AsChunqiu Jizhuan Daquan was distributed throughout the empire, learners deemed it as the only standard interpretation ofChunqiu. In the Ming Dynasty,Huzhuanhad finished its classicalization.
In the forth stage,Huzhuan started to be questioned by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty. As the rulers of the Qing Empire came from a people once living in the northeast of China, racist ideas inHuzhuancaused them much anxiety. What's more,forimperial power was strengthened unprecedentedly in the Qing Dynasity, the ideal monarch-servant relationship developed inHuzhuan appeared to be outdated. Therefore, the rulers decided to change the textbooks and Huzhuanbegan to decline. Discussion for the declination of Huzhuanis an essentional supplement to its classicalization, which reflects the decisive effect of the needs of time and politic power in the process of classicalization ofHuzhuan.
I paid much attention to the analyzation of the historical backgrounds, political environment and academic atmosphere, in order to restore the classicalization process. What's more, since the classicalization ofHuzhuanspanned six hundred years, this thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of these issues within a relatively complete time dimension, which would greatly advance our understanding ofHuzhuan.
Key Words:Hu Anguo Chunqiuzhuan classicalization
导师：安平秋教授
