摘要：龚居中是明代末年的著名医学家。他所生活的时代战事频仍，但是思想空前活跃。龚居中作为一名医学家，深受儒、道、释三教思想影响。其中，道教思想对其影响最深。
以往的研究中，龚居中的生平几乎被忽略，大多数学者以“生卒年代不详”带过，因此，无法进一步考察龚居中的生活面貌以及思想方向。本文对于龚居中的生卒年代进行了初步考察。通过对龚居中思想及时代背景的分析，本文简述了其思想形成以及特色。龚居中的生活事迹如下：继承家学，自幼业儒攻医，熟读《庄子》、《黄庭经》、《悟真篇》、《规中指南》等道家经典，成名于万历年间，入太医院供职，交游于江南士林。龚居中在晚年（天启至崇祯年间）出版了自己的著作，著作包括：《福寿丹书》、《太医院手授经验内科百效全书》、《女科百效全书》、《外科百效全书》、《幼科百效全书》、《外科活人定本》、《痰火点雪》、《寿世仙丹》、《养生两种》等，并为师友纂集《重订相宅造福全书》、《喻子十三种秘书兵衡》等书籍。
明代出现了我国历史上数量最多的养生学著作，是道教修炼思想世俗化最明显的时期。各个阶层的人士纷纷加入炼养的事业。社会中出现了较多的理论著作。龚居中是一名优秀的临床医师，受到当时社会思潮的影响，深入研究了道教内丹理论，并整理养生学著作《福寿丹书》。他以此进行修炼，提出“金丹说”，并用于临床治疗虚损衰老等疾病。他还对“药物”、“火候”、“玄窍”进行讨论。
明人的服食传统远继魏晋隋唐，服食内容广泛，包括：乳石、石英、金、银、硫磺、朱砂、汞、黑铅等金石类药物，还有天门冬、地黄、黄精、松脂、松子、茯苓、枸杞等草木类药物，还包括以金石草木药物制作而成的丹药，也包括流行与嘉靖万历年间的红铅、秋石、人乳等药物。龚居中对于服食思想的探讨也非常深入。本文通过比较六位明代的养生家，包括：皇室朱权、朱橚，养生家贾铭、高濂，医学家孙一奎、张璐等，简述了明代服食的概貌，阐述了龚居中服食思想的来源。在这种服食风行的社会背景下，龚居中的服食思想显得更加生动丰富。他作为深谙药物性能的医家，非常了解非常规服食的弊端，因此他更加注重“日常饮食”的服食以及禁忌。他认为通过饮食、药物的调摄可以延年益寿，不能通过服食以求轻身飞举。
龚居中在长期的临床工作中，积累了丰富的治疗经验。他的7种临床医学著作亦反应出了明显的受道教思想影响的特点。龚居中继承发扬了“水”、“火”思想，撰写专著《痰火点雪》，重点论述“水”、“火”失衡，导致的“痰火”证中“真水既亏，相火随炽，金伤痰生”的核心病机，又详解了“痰火”证所出现的15组症候群。“痰火”证核心病机不离“水亏火炽金伤”，最初病因是“龙雷之火”上越。。
龚居中有感于脏腑之不清晰对于临床医生的影响，编纂了《脏腑图》。脏腑图是他身体观的体现。龚居中在《脏腑图》中试图将身体的具体疾病与相应的药物对应起来，找到最直接的解决疾病的方法。
本文通过对龚居中的身体观、治疗观、服食观、修炼 观以及生平的考察，力求还原其思想脉络，全面的了解那个时代的医家群体所受的道教思想的影响，以及医家自身对于道教思想的发展运用。
关键词：龚居中 道教医学 内丹 服食 水火 脏腑
Abstract:Gong Juzhong was a renowned Chinese medical scientist of the late Ming Dynasty. The age he lived through was an age of intensive warfare, but also an unprecedented fertile time of cultural prosperity. As a medical scientist, Gong Juzhong was deeply influenced by the three teachings—Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. But among the three, Taoism made the greatest impact upon him.
In most of the previous research, Gong Juzhong's life was neglected with the overgeneralization of "birth and death are unknown" by scholars; therefore, it is impossible to delve into the evolution of his life and thoughts. This paper has made preliminary research and investigation intoGong Juzhong's years of birth and death. By further studying Gong Juzhong's thoughts and the historical background, the paper describes the origin and development, and characteristics of Gong's thoughts. An outline of Gong's life experience is as follows.
Gong Juzhong inherited the knowledge of family legacy, and studied Confucianism and medicine since childhood. He perused many Taoist classics, such as Zhuangzi, Yellow Court Classic, Awakening to Truth, and Guide to Peering into the Center, and made a name for himself in the Wanli years. He served at the Imperial Medical Institute, and enjoyed great fame and friendship among prominent officials, dignitaries, literati and scholar-bureaucrat in the area south of Yangtze River. Gong Juzhong published his own works in his late years (from Tianqi to Chongzhen), including Elixir of Blessing and Longevity, Effective Prescription of Internal Medicine From First-Hand Experience With the Imperial Medical Institute, Effective Prescription of Gynecology, Effective Prescription of Surgery, Effective Prescription of Pediatrics, Collection of General Surgery, Flying Snowflake over Phlegm-Fire,Elixir of Longevity and Yang Sheng Liang Zhong, as well as compilations for teachers and friends, such asReprinted Physiognomy of Dwellings and Building for Fortune, and Yuzi Thirteen Secret Chapters of Tactical Deployment.
The Ming Dynasty produced the most works on health preservation in the Chinese history, and marked era of the most manifested secularization of Taoist alchemy philosophy. All walks of life joined the trend of alchemical practices. Many theoretical works were developed during this period of time. Gong Juzhong was an excellent clinical physician. Influenced by sociological trends of his time, Gong made intensive study in the Taoist theory of inner alchemy and authored a masterpiece of health preservation science— Elixir of Blessings and Longevity. He also practiced accordingly and put forward "the theory of golden elixir", and applied it to the clinical treatment of aging diseases caused by asthenia deficiency. He also talked about "medical ingredients", "fire phase", and "abstruse aperture".
Derived from Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the food therapy of Ming covered a broad range of ingredients, including minerals and metals such as milk stone, quartz, gold, silver, sulphur, cinnabar, mercury, and black lead, herbal elements such as asparagus, rehmannia, rhizoma polygonati, colophony, pine nuts, poria, and wolfberry, elixirs made of mineral and herbal medicine, and other medicine popular in Jiajing and Wanli years like red lead, prepared salt and human milk. Gong Juzhong has also made intensive study on food therapy. By comparing six masters of life nourishment in the Ming Dynasty, including royalty members like Zhu Quan and Zhu Su, health preservation scientists like Jia Ming and Gao Lian, and medical scientists like Sun Yikui and Zhang Lu, this paper presents a panorama of food therapy of the Ming Dynasty and the origin of Gong's thoughts on food therapy. Deeply influenced by such trend, Gong Juzhong's approach towards food therapy was more enriched and closer to life. Gong Juzhong took reference from the above-mentioned ideas to develop his own food therapy theory, As a clinical physician who understood medicine properties very well, Gong had a good idea of the harm of unconventional food therapy, therefore, he attached greater importance to the daily diet and food prohibitions. He believed thatproper diet and medicine could help maintain health and longevity, but not enable people to fly over eaves.
Gong Juzhong gained wide experience of treatment in long clinical practice. His seven clinical medical works all demonstrated distinct characteristics of Taoist medicine, inheriting and developing the theory of "water" and "fire". His masterpiece—Flying Snowflake over Phlegm-Fire, argued that the imbalance of "water" and "fire" was the core root of disease causing "phlegm-fire" syndrome of "exhaustion of real water, blazing of ministerial fire, damage of metal and production of phlegm". It also explained 15 syndromes caused by "phlegm-fire", with core root of disease being "water exhaustion, fire blazing and metal damage", and initial cause of disease being the flaring of "dragon and thunder fire".
Gong Juzhong compiled Chart of Internal Organs to help clinical physicians suffering from poor understanding of internal organs. Chart of Internal Organs was a demonstration of his perspective on human body. On the Chart of Internal Organs, he tried to match specific disease symptoms with corresponding medicine, so as to find the most direct cure of disease.
By studying Gong Juzhong's perspectives on human body, medical treatement, food therapy, alchemical practices and his own life, this paper aims to restore the evolution of his thinking and to understand from a holistic perspective the impact of Taoism upon medical physicians in that age and their application of Taoist philosophy to the medicine.
Key Words:Gong Juzhong Taoist medicine inner alchemy food therapy water and fire internal organs
导师：张广保教授
