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博士论文摘要
2018届“儒家思想与儒家经典”方向博士生 周丰堇《一性开二门——王时槐的心性论研究》摘要

摘要:明代心学的终极关怀是作为全体大用的本体,本体以“心无体,以用为体”的方式显现存在,从而表现出即体即用和不离不混的体用观。王时槐认为,由于心兼属“后天之气”和心有“觉性”,使得本心始终具有开显生发的特征,容易滑落为意识心而与后者相混,从而使本心陷入既超验又经验的二难困境。这证明良知本心不足以为终极本体,而性体才是第一性的终极藏密之体。王时槐的心性论可概括为“一性开二门”,由性体的两种基本性质开显为本心的两种基本状态:良知之明觉和意根之生机。良知和意根既是性体的发窍和本心的状态,又是一切意识心和后天经验的基础,堪为体用之间的纯粹经验。纯粹经验的世界观不同于基于日常经验的气本论和理本论,因为良知和意根不可以后天经验和意识心来揣测思量。良知和意根既是体用有无之间的生几,又是具足体用有无的独。研几之学并非摒弃本心之超越性与经验化的二重特征,而是将本心的二重性转化为寂而感和虚而生的“独几”。研几工夫就是通过本生本止的工夫,使本心始终保持为体用之间并具足体用的纯粹经验,而不向日常经验进一步滑落。

一性开二门的理论,良知和意根并为本心的思想,是王时槐对阳明学的继承和创见,可以为一切心性论和知识论建立最根本的基础。从无执真如心发为有执妄心,从本心发为意识心,乃至从先天本性发为后天之情,其过程由知意二者共同完成。由藏密之性开显为良知明觉与意根生机二门,良知明觉的功能在于开显而统觉,意根生机的作用在于生发运化,知由意运,意由知显,从而生发为一切意识现象和后天经验。意根的坎陷活动,是从本心过渡到意识心,乃至从道德界转换为知识界的关键。在这一过程中,良知始终以直照、直观和统觉的方式自在而不曾坎陷自身,否则一切认知活动和知觉现象从根本上无从发生。所以,一性开二门的思想相比良知坎陷的理论,更好地解决了意识发生和知识基础的问题。

关键词:性体  全体大用  良知  意根  独几

 

Abstract:In the Ming dynasty, the ultimate concern of the Conscience is the noumenon as a whole body, which without extension , yet manifests itself in the way of phenomenon as its body, so as to show the view of an independent and immiscible relationship between noumenon and phenomenon. Wang Shihuai believes that since the Conscience is partly belong to Qi and has awareness, it has the characteristics of appearance and vitality, and is easy to fall into consciousness and confused with the latter, which leads to a predicament of both transcendental and experienced. This shows that the Conscience is not the ultimate noumenon, yet "Xingti" is the primary and ultimate one. Wang Shihuai's mind-nature theory can be summarized as “one nature opens two gates”, which means that two properties of "Xingti" are revealed as two basic states of the Conscience: the apperception of the Innate Knowledge and the vitality of the Fundamental Consciousness. The Innate Knowledge and the Fundamental Consciousness are both the initial appearance of "Xingti" and the state of the Conscience, but also the foundation of all conscious minds and postnatal experiences, which could be a pure experience between noumenon and phenomenon. The outlook of the theory of pure experience is different from the theories of Li and Qi, which are based on daily experience, because the Innate Knowledge and the Fundamental Consciousness cannot be regarded as the conscious mind of the postnatal experience. The Innate Knowledge and the Fundamental Consciousness are not only the "Shengji" between noumenon and phenomenon, but also a combination of them. The study of "Yanji" does not abandon the transcendental and experiential characteristics of the Conscience, but transforms the duality into the existence pattern of "Duji" as a whole body and an endless state.

The theory of "one nature opens two gates", and the thought that the Innate Knowledge and the Fundamental Consciousness are the two patterns of Conscience, are the inheritance and creation of Wang Shihuai to Yangming Doctrine, which could establish the foundation for all the theories on consciousness and knowledge. The process that from being thusness to illusory mind, and from the Conscience to the consciousness, or even being postnatal experience from the innate nature, is accomplished by the combined action of the Innate Knowledge and the Fundamental Consciousness. The function of the Innate Knowledge is to open and reveal the ultimate body, and the function of the Fundamental Consciousness lies in the generation, moving and changing of the whole process. The Innate Knowledge is conveyed by the Fundamental Consciousness, and the latter is revealed by the former, thus all phenomena of consciousness and experience are generated. The dialectical negation of the Fundamental Consciousness is the key to the transition from the Conscience to the consciousness, and even from the moral world to the intellectual world. In this process, the Innate Knowledge is always naturally existing in the way of direct illumination, intuition and apperception, and without self-negation, otherwise all cognitive activities and perceptual phenomena are fundamentally impossible. Therefore, compared with the theory of "The self-negation of the Innate Knowledge", we can better solve the generation of consciousness and the base of knowledge by the theory of "one nature opens two gates".

Key Words:Xingti   the Ultimate Noumenon as a Whole Body   the Innate Knowledge   the Fundamental Consciousness   Duji   pure experience   the dialectical negation of the Fundamental Consciousness

 

导师:陈来教授

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