摘要：本文力图扣住“甲申之变”这一话题，以甲申前后的文人与诗歌作为对象，从而对明清易代之际的历史细节，予以更为细致的描摹。
1644年，明亡清兴的序幕掀开，围绕着甲申之变的发生以及噩耗的传播，有一批文人先后在北京以及南方殉节并留下了绝命诗，诗中揭示了殉节者面对突如其来的国变时的忠孝观、生死观，以及“未了事”的遗恨。
由于北方地区在甲申之变前后的战乱与动荡，文人纷纷选择逃亡流徙。流亡中的诗歌，反映出时局之危险、避难求生之艰辛，以及对故乡故宅的思念之情。与此同时，南方地区，虽也因战争导致了部分文人四处避乱，但由于整体局势的仍相对安宁，故而相较于北方，南方文人的避乱诗呈现出了不同的风貌。未能逃出京城的文人，多半归降于大顺政权及之后的清政权。作为国变的亲历者，他们由全景至细节地用诗歌记录了一系列见闻；作为“贰臣”，他们往往面临了失节降敌的内心挣扎，因而用诗歌酬唱的方式互抒心怀，并为崇祯作了许多悼念诗歌。
由于地域的远隔以及音讯不通等原因，南方地区在闻变的时间上均有一两月的滞后，因而他们三月前后的诗歌中仍旧体现出燕游玩乐的生活状态。但当真假难辨的消息传来时，他们又用诗歌记录了自己的疑惑和无奈。消息确认后，他们的诗歌中充斥着悲愤的情绪，并展现出了一种情感的时效性。且在南方文人闻变后不久便迎来了南都的建立，他们的诗歌中随之反映出了悲喜交加的情绪。南方文人对崇祯以及殉节者的悼念的诗歌更多，并与官方口吻保持了高度一致，而对于降贼者的讨伐，更是从上至下群起而攻之。南明“顺案”也就此展开，迫使一些投向南都的文人再度亡命天涯，同时也引发了朝野内外一些文人的不满与讥讽。
在易代之际的动荡中，女性是最受迫害也最无助的群体，许多女性在面临人身威胁和道德压力时选择死亡，她们的绝命诗中体现了她们守节、殉情、认命、悲愤等不同的人生选择和临终心态。而活下来的那些女性同样要面临艰辛的流亡，与亲人的生离死别等种种痛苦。
可以说，在传统的王朝更替的宏观叙事下，甲申年的文人诗，为大历史提供了细致而切近的观照路径。
关键词：甲申之变 流亡诗 绝命诗 文人心态
Abstract: This paper tries to this topic on "1644 change", the research object focus on the literati and their poetry before and after 1644, it's an attempt to depict the historical details of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in a more detailed manner.
The year of 1644 opened a prelude to the fall of the Ming Dynasty and the rise of Qing Dynasty, revolves around the occurrence of JiaShenZhiBian and the spread of bad news, there are a number of scholars in Beijing and the southern martyrdom, some of them left poems before they died, the poem revealed the martyr facing the country when the concept of loyalty and filial piety, the view of life and death, and the regret about "things are not done".
Due to the northern region in the war and upheaval before and after the change of 1644, a lot of scholars chose to flee away, their poetry in exile reflected the current situation of risk, the hardships of refuge to survive, and the feeling of missing about hometown. Meanwhile, also because of the war led to a part of the literati had to take refuge in Southern Region, But as a result of the overall situation is still relatively quiet, so there are many differences between the southern literati's poetry and the northern literati's. Some of the literati could not escape from Beijing, most of them surrender to the Qing dynasty, which behind the Shun Dynasty. As the witness of JiaShenZhiBian, they use poetry to record a series of knowledge, including the panorama and details. As the turncoats, the poems explained their inner struggle about surrender. So they use the way of responding poems to express their complicate feelings. They also wrote a lot of mourning poems for their old emperor-ChongZhen.
In the southern region, because of the time delay causedby distance, communication barrier and other reasons, the poetry in march was more concern on enjoying libertinism life. When the difficile true message arrived, they composed their poems to record the doubts and frustration. After confirmation of the message, their poetry is filled with emotions of anger and show the feeling of time. Shortly, the Nan city was built and the poetry shows the bittersweet emotions. There are a lot of poetry to mourn Emperor Chong Zhen and people who suicide for their reputation and these poetry was keep a highly consistent with the government. The capitulaitonist was accused by all people from top to bottom. Nanming "Shun case" also started, forced some scholars to flee again. At the same time also caused resentment and ridiculed some scholars both inside and outside the court.
Women are the most persecuted and the most helpless in the turmoil of this generation. Many women choose to die in the face of personal threats and the moral pressure. Their farewell poem reflects their feast, love, fate, anger etc. different life choices and death attitude. Those women who survived also need to face the hardships of exile, and the pain of parting with loved ones.
It can be said that, under the macro narration of the traditional Dynasty replacement，literati poetry in 1644 provides a detailed history and present on the path.
Key Words: The change of 1644 Exile Poetry Death Poetry Literati mentality
导师：安平秋教授
